Wednesday 13 November

Air Commodore A.R. Boyle, Director of Intelligence, wrote a report for Sholto Douglas on Moonlight Sonata and how the RAF should respond, both defensively and offensively. Probst had by now elaborated that the big operations would in fact take place over three successive nights and by 19.00 hours BST had revealed that there would be a code word for each day or phase of the attack:

Day 1 Regenschirm (Umbrella)boyle

Day 2 Mondschein Serenade [sic] (Moonshine Serenade)

Day 3 [not known]

Sholto Douglas noted:

I really can’t believe that this is a three night show. I believe there are 3 phases. ‘Umbrella’ is K.G. 100. ‘Moonshine Serenade’. No. 3 phase is something else. How can even the optimistic Boche hope to get 3 successive nights of fine weather[?]

douglasHe nevertheless gave Cold Water his approval, noting that other members of the Air Staff were keen to see KGr. 100’s base at Vannes attacked and that the “special Whitleys for detecting river beams” should attack the Cherbourg transmitters. Arrangements were duly set in train so that the plan could be activated as soon as the tell-tale signal was heard. All that would be required would be the signal from the Air Ministry “Executive Cold Water.”

NOTE: To supplement its Ansons, Blind Approach Training & Development Unit was assigned three Whitleys as of 1 July 1940: P4943, P4944 and P5019. The last of these crashed at Boscombe Down on 12 July and was replaced by P5053. After an accident, the unit’s Whitleys were modified to correct a weakness in the tail assembly. BAT&DU became Wireless Intelligence Development Unit on 14 October 1940 (backdated to 30 September) and then No. 109 Squadron on 10 December. (WIDU's records for the month of November do not appear to have survived).

Meanwhile Ultra had gone silent, with Bletchley temporarily unable to break Luftwaffe keys including “Brown” used by KGr. 100 and the beam stations. A report was issued at 01.15 hrs. on the 13th but it was over 48 hours before the next, at 02.40 on the 15th (two more reports would follow that day, at 14.50 and 17.15 hours—suggesting that there had been a breakthrough and a backlog was being cleared).

In 1940 Peter Gray Lucas of the Air Ministry was working at the Cheadle Y-Service Station, on low-grade Luftwaffe tactical signals. In 1993 he wrote that:

A harbour defence command in Antwerp regularly received notice of ‘own’ aircraft about to fly over. On the afternoon of 14 November 1940 the signal read ‘ANGRIFF [attack] KORN’, but the [human] computors could not guess at the time and did not guess until later that KORN was the code-word for Coventry.

NOTE: Unfortunately, no reference is given for this message. German notifications of coast crossings by friendly aircraft from the 1944–45 period do exist but do not give intended targets, only the times and places at which the coast would be crossed, out- and inbound. Without sight of the original, it remains possible that Lucas’s memory was conflating two different messages.

 

Thursday 14 November: Preparation

Weather will be mainly fine in the Midlands and southern England but elsewhere there will be occasional showers of rain or hail …

Air Ministry forecast at 07.00 hours GMT

Decrypts had dried up but in a sense their contribution had already been made. The Y-Service intercepted KGr. 100’s “D3R” signal at the time and frequency promised by Ultra and direction-finding showed that it emanated from Vannes. So Moonlight Sonata was on, a day sooner than the British expected—the moon would not be full until the night of the 15th.

In a handwritten note to DHO, A/C Boyle agreed that the attack would probably involve three waves rather than three nights. The prisoner (i.e. Probst) thought 500–800 aircraft would take part and had mentioned “the industrial district” of England. Boyle ended by saying, “I am trying to get more information.”

A briefing note was prepared for Prime Minister Churchill which, according to his Private Secretary, he read that afternoon in his car, en route from London to rural Oxfordshire. This note set out the four expected target areas in the south east, adding that they might be alternatives depending on local weather conditions. It was thought that the operation would come between the 15th and 20th, that Göring would coordinate the attack and that the whole German bomber force would be involved, perhaps in retaliation for a recent raid on Munich (a conjecture later confirmed by an OKW communiqué). The fourth paragraph summarised what Probst had said about fomenting revolution in the West Midlands, while the next added a note of caution:

We believe that the target will be one of those [four] noted … above, probably in the vicinity of London, but if further information indicates Coventry, Birmingham or elsewhere, we hope to get instructions out in time.

The paper also gave a brief resumé of the Cold Water plan (the orders for which had been given at 03.00 that day). What it emphatically did not say was that the raid was due that very night or that Coventry was the target. Nevertheless, the city’s defences had been reinforced. In a note to Douglas the day after the raid, Stevenson wrote that:

(a) the circus of 12 Bofors arrived in Coventry on 12th Nov.

(b) The 16 balloons (2 flights) should have arrived yesterday. We can assume their presence but this cannot be confirmed as the teleprint lines are down.

(c) We had to add an extra flight to a fighter squadron based in defence of Coventry. 306 Polish Squadron has had this flight added and it has been moved to Ternhill [in Shropshire].

(d) The factories are being linked to the local Observer Corps centres to give “Jim Crow” warning of hostile a/c approach.

(e) There was no addition in terms of guns. There are 40 HAA [heavy anti-aircraft] in Coventry.

continued on next page …

navtag

Moonlightplate next top back homelink conclink sourcelink persistlink umbrllalink link15 retallink disruptlink deflink execlink link14 link13 link12 link10-12 link9 introlink